T.S. Baker

Christian charity, as its critics saw it

Why did Christianity spread so fast?

Christianity’s critics kept records too. A pagan emperor, Chinese officials, Hindu editors, a Jewish poet and modern skeptics describe what Christians did for strangers, and what they made of it. Every word below is theirs.

Julian the Apostate: “they support not only their own poor but ours”

“Why, then, do we think that this is enough, why do we not observe that it is their benevolence to strangers, their care for the graves of the dead and the pretended holiness of their lives that have done most to increase atheism?”

“For it is disgraceful that, when no Jew ever has to beg, and the impious Galilaeans support not only their own poor but ours as well, all men see that our people lack aid from us.”

“Then let us not, by allowing others to outdo us in good works, disgrace by such remissness, or rather, utterly abandon, the reverence due to the gods.”

Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (361–363), raised Christian, who renounced the faith and tried to restore the worship of the gods. Letter 22, To Arsacius, High-priest of Galatia, Letter 22 (Hertlein 49); Wright vol. 3, pp. 67–71 (AD 362 (probably summer, on the way to Antioch)). Wilmer Cave Wright (Loeb, 1923). Source

The letter survives only as quoted by the church historian Sozomen. “Atheism” and “Galilaeans” are Julian’s words for Christianity and Christians.

“For when it came about that the poor were neglected and overlooked by the priests, then I think the impious Galilaeans observed this fact and devoted themselves to philanthropy.”

“And they have gained ascendancy in the worst of their deeds through the credit they win for such practices.”

Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (361–363), raised Christian, who renounced the faith and tried to restore the worship of the gods. Fragment of a Letter to a Priest, Fragment of a Letter to a Priest 305B–D; Wright vol. 2, pp. 337–339 (AD 362–363). Wilmer Cave Wright (Loeb, 1913). Source

“But as it is, every one of you allows his wife to carry everything out of his house to the Galilaeans, and when your wives feed the poor at your expense they inspire a great admiration for godlessness in those who are in need of such bounty”

“Now I do not know how any good man could endure to see such things in your city, and for my part I am sure that it is displeasing to the gods also.”

Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (361–363), raised Christian, who renounced the faith and tried to restore the worship of the gods. Misopogon (Beard-Hater), Misopogon 362D–363B; Wright vol. 2, pp. 489–491 (written early AD 363, quoting his speech to the Senate of Antioch in 362). Wilmer Cave Wright (Loeb, 1913). Source

A pagan who became a Christian: Confessions (Augustine)

Lucian of Samosata: “they spare no trouble, no expense”

“Orphans and ancient widows might be seen hanging about the prison from break of day.”

“The activity of these people, in dealing with any matter that affects their community, is something extraordinary; they spare no trouble, no expense.”

“All this they take quite on trust, with the result that they despise all worldly goods alike, regarding them merely as common property.”

Lucian of Samosata, Greek satirist of the 2nd century who mocked religious charlatans and credulous believers alike. The Death of Peregrine (The Passing of Peregrinus), De Morte Peregrini §§12–13; Fowler vol. 4, pp. 82–83 (written soon after AD 165, of events some years earlier). H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler (1905). Source

Satire: the lines describe the Christians who cared for the charlatan Peregrinus while he was in prison.

Zosimus: “under the pretext of charity to the poor”

“These are persons who abstain from lawful marriage, and who fill large colleges, in many cities and villages, with unmarried men, incapable of war, or of any other service to the commonwealth.”

“These men, by their arts, have from that to the present time acquired possession of extensive lands, and under the pretext of charity to the poor, have reduced (I might almost say) all other men to beggary.”

Zosimus, Byzantine pagan historian and imperial official who blamed Christianity for Rome's decline. New History (Historia Nova), New History 5.23; 1814 translation pp. 150–151 (written c. AD 500, of events in AD 403). Anonymous translator (London: J. Davis, 1814). Source

Benjamin Franklin on George Whitefield: “I empty’d my pocket wholly”

“I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me.”

“Another stroke of his oratory made me asham'd of that, and determin'd me to give the silver; and he finish'd so admirably, that I empty'd my pocket wholly into the collector's dish, gold and all.”

“Some of Mr. Whitefield's enemies affected to suppose that he would apply these collections to his own private emolument; but I, who was intimately acquainted with him (being employed in printing his Sermons and Journals, etc.), never had the least suspicion of his integrity, but am to this day decidedly of opinion that he was in all his conduct a perfectly honest man; and methinks my testimony in his favour ought to have the more weight, as we had no religious connection.”

Benjamin Franklin, American printer, scientist and statesman; a deist who printed George Whitefield's sermons and was his friend. Autobiography, Autobiography, Part Three (Whitefield and the Bethesda Orphan House) (written 1788, of events in 1739–40). Original English. Source

Converts who did the same: The Autobiography of George Müller (George Müller) and Transformed; or, The History of a River Thief (Jerry McAuley)

Jerusalem, 1856: a hospital “for the poor of every creed”

“But there is not the shadow of a doubt, at least at Jerusalem, that these holy fishers of men use a golden net, and every one who chooses to inquire about the matter will receive this reply.”

“If we could only close our eyes to the object which the mission has in view—but we cannot close our eyes to that which is immoral and bad—we should readily admit that it has conferred many material advantages on the Jews, and done much to promote civilization in the highest sense of the term.”

“The mission has a well-managed hospital, with 36 beds, prepared for the poor of every creed; a sewing-school, which affords employment to from 80 to 100 women; a house of industry with 6 pupils, Polish boys, who are taught to be joiners and turners; and an agricultural establishment, which employs 100 men.”

Ludwig August Frankl, Ludwig August Frankl, Austrian Jewish poet and community leader, who visited Jerusalem in 1856 to found a Jewish school. The Jews in the East (Nach Jerusalem!), vol. II, vol. II, pp. 53–54 (Jerusalem: the Jewish converts) (written 1858, of a visit in 1856). P. Beaton (1859). Source

The 1859 English translation abridges the German original here.

Jews who became Christians: The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah (Alfred Edersheim), De l'harmonie entre l'Église et la Synagogue (David Drach) and Israel and the Gentiles (Isaac da Costa)

India: famine orphans and “rice Christians”

“Unless and until the Hindus can take care of their own orphans themselves and show that the Missionaries really stand in their way, they have no right to attribute the motive of conversion to the noble and disinterested Missionaries.”

“Cholera also broke out at that time, and mortality from that cause would have been very heavy but for the untiring energy and activity of the Missionaries to check the spread of the disease.”

“Whenever they heard of a cholera case, they at once ran to render assistance.”

The Bangavasi (Calcutta), The Bangavasi (Bangabasi), a conservative Hindu Bengali weekly of Calcutta. Article on Christian missionaries during famines, Report on Native Papers in Bengal, week ending 20 April 1901, item 52, p. 310 (13 April 1901). As rendered in the Report on Native Papers in Bengal (government translator's English abstract of the Bengali). Source

“Their labours, too, during the Madras and Bombay famines cannot be forgotten, whereby they saved the lives of hundreds of children.”

“Although the Bishop has saved these 16,000 children, and given them as it were a new lease of life, yet a Hindu cannot bear to see so many helpless and ignorant ones taken hold of to be initiated into the doctrines of a foreign religion.”

“If the Hindus do not come to the fore now and exert themselves, every future famine will see thousands of ignorant orphan Hindu children taken into the fold of Christianity.”

Sambad Prabhakar (Calcutta), The Sambad Prabhakar (Sangbad Prabhakara), a Bengali daily of Calcutta writing as Hindus. Article on missionaries and the Madras famine orphans, Report on Native Papers in Bengal, week ending 22 June 1878, item 6, p. 4 (June 1878 (the Report's margin gives June 15th, 1878)). As rendered in the Report on Native Papers in Bengal (government translator's English abstract of the Bengali). Source

“The Bishop” is presumably Robert Caldwell of Tinnevelly.

“In the year 1837, the year of the great drought, the step which was taken of rearing orphans in the principles of the Christian faith, was looked upon throughout the N. W. P. as an example of the schemes of Government.”

“It was supposed that when Government had similarly brought all Hindustanees to a pitch of ignorance and poverty, it would convert them to its own creed.”

Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Muslim reformer and East India Company judicial officer, explaining the 1857 revolt to the British. The Causes of the Indian Revolt (Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind), Cause I, "Interference in matters of religion", p. 17 (Benares, 1873) (written 1858 (English 1873), of events in 1837). Anonymous English translation (Benares: Medical Hall Press, 1873). Source

He reports what people believed, and calls it a misunderstanding.

Hindus and Muslims who became Christians: A Letter to the Brahmos from a Converted Brahman of Benares (Nehemiah Goreh), The Arian Witness (Krishna Mohan Banerjea), Found by Love (Rahil Patel) and A Muslim Brought to Christ (Imad-ud-din Lahiz)

China: “Why need foreigners trouble themselves about this work?”

“Why need foreigners trouble themselves about this work? for in showing that they have good desire to relieve the poor, they only arouse suspicion and ill-will.”

“It is on these grounds that, though it has been fully proved, since the riot at Tien-tsin, that there was in that city no gouging out of eyes, or cutting open hearts, even to this moment people retain their former fears and suspicions.”

Wenxiang (Zongli Yamen), Wenxiang and Shen Guifen, ministers of the Zongli Yamen, Qing China's foreign office; Confucian officials writing after the 1870 Tianjin massacre. Note and memorandum on the missionary question (the "eight rules"), to US Minister Frederick F. Low, FRUS 1871, Low to Fish No. 56 (20 March 1871), Inclosure 1, Rule First and Note, pp. 101–102 (13 February 1871). Contemporary US Legation translation, printed in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1871. Source

Written after the Tianjin massacre of 1870, in which a mob killed the Sisters of Charity who ran the city’s foundling home.

“They do a little charity in feeding the people, and by small acts of virtue impress the eye and the ear and delude the people with talk about great happiness and abundant rewards, and so they deceive their hearts and transform their inner being, till they are befooled so that they cannot return to their former state.”

“Their converts regard neither gain nor loss, neither life nor death but what they are told they simply follow.”

Jiang Dunfu, Jiang Dunfu (Tsiang Tun-fuh, 蔣敦復, 1808–1867), Chinese scholar-poet writing in reply to the British envoy Thomas Wade. Document addressed to Sir Thomas Wade, in the Huangchao jingshi wen xubian (ed. Ge Shijun, Shanghai 1888), book 104, The Anti-foreign Riots in China in 1891 (Shanghai: North-China Herald, 1892), pp. 159–161 (c. 1866 (reply to Wade; printed 1888, translated 1891)). Unsigned 1891 translation in "The Recent Riots in China: Who is Responsible for Them?" (North-China Daily News), reprinted in The Anti-foreign Riots in China in 1891 (1892). Source

“No doubt the Protestant hospital and Catholic orphanage are the means of doing good to a number of individual Chinese.”

“Considered therefore as a mere scheme of charity, I ask is it not an open secret known to every disinterested foreigner in China, that the whole missionary enterprise in China is but a huge scheme of charity for the benefit of unemployed professional persons from Europe and America?”

Gu Hongming, Gu Hongming (Ku Hung-ming), Edinburgh-educated Confucian scholar and secretary to Viceroy Zhang Zhidong; wrote anonymously as "A Chinese". "Defensio Populi ad Populos, or the Modern Missionaries Considered in Relation to the Recent Riots" (North-China Daily News, 1891), Section III, "Works of Charity"; The Anti-foreign Riots in China in 1891 (Shanghai: North-China Herald, 1892), p. 108 (1891). Original English. Source

Published as by “A Chinese”; Gu reprinted it under his own name in 1901.

Chinese who became Christians: The Story of Fei Ch’i-hao (Fei Ch’i-hao), My Life in China and America (Yung Wing) and When I Was a Boy in China (Yan Phou Lee)

Paris, 1886: “she dies, she is replaced by another”

“Yes, gentlemen, try sending lay people to the naval hospital in Senegal, where yellow fever reigns; you will find two or three of them.”

“The sick man must know that the sister expects to catch his illness, that she may die, that another will take her place and that he will not suffer for it.”

“With the nun, you have none of that to fear: if she catches the contagious illness, she expected it; she dies, she is replaced by another nun, and that is the end of it.”

Armand Desprès, Paris surgeon (Hôpital de la Charité) and republican city councillor, a self-described freethinker and ex-Freemason who opposed expelling nuns from hospitals. Les Sœurs hospitalières: lettres et discours sur la laïcisation des hôpitaux, pp. 106, 151, 227 (freethinker statement p. 158) (speeches of 24 November 1885 and 30 January 1886; published 1886). Our translation. Source

Desprès called himself a freethinker; he was defending the nursing sisters against their removal from the city’s hospitals.

Freethinkers who became Christians: The Examination and the Return (George John Romanes) and Christianity and Secularism (George Sexton and Charles Watts)

London: “revenge upon them for having humiliated us by feeding us”

“It was our revenge upon them for having humiliated us by feeding us.”

“A man receiving charity practically always hates his benefactor—it is a fixed characteristic of human nature; and, when he has fifty or a hundred others to back him, he will show it.”

George Orwell, English writer who lived as a tramp in London in the late 1920s and wrote it up. Down and Out in Paris and London, chapter XXXIII (published 1933, of events c. 1928–29). Original English. Source

“We could not strike back, for we were starving; and it is the way of the world that when one man feeds another he is that man’s master.”

“The “soul-snatchers” (as these men call all religious propagandists), should study the physiological basis of psychology a little, if they wish to make their efforts more effective.”

Jack London, American novelist and socialist who lived undercover in London's East End in 1902. The People of the Abyss, chapter XI, “The Peg” (written 1902, published 1903). Original English. Source

Skeptics who became Christians: The Autobiography of Thomas Cooper (Thomas Cooper), Modern Skepticism: A Journey Through the Land of Doubt and Back Again (Joseph Barker) and The Confessions of J. Lackington (James Lackington)

A Soviet labour camp: the nuns’ meat

“One of the nuns came to me a little hesitantly and told me that it was a fast day for them: would I like their meat.”

“But what strength of character was necessary to refuse such a rarity as meat!”

Margarete Buber-Neumann, German Communist imprisoned in Stalin's Karaganda camp, then handed to the Gestapo and held in Ravensbrück. Under Two Dictators, Part I (Karaganda, Leninskoie), pp. 107–8 (published 1949, of events c. 1939). Edward Fitzgerald (1949). Source

Radicals who became Christians: From the Devil to God (Du Diable à Dieu) (Adolphe Retté) and The Failure (Un uomo finito) (Giovanni Papini)

Ambedkar: “service to humanity is quite foreign to Hinduism”

“Every one of them takes the benefit and runs away and does not even stop to consider what must be the merits of a religion which renders so much service to humanity.”

“Historically speaking, service to humanity is quite foreign to Hinduism and to Hindus.”

B. R. Ambedkar, B. R. Ambedkar, Dalit leader and principal architect of India's constitution, born Hindu, who had resolved to leave Hinduism and later became a Buddhist. "Christianizing the Untouchables" and "The Condition of the Convert", in Writings and Speeches, vol. 5, Writings and Speeches vol. 5 (1989), p. 444 and p. 451 (undated manuscript, first published 1989). Original English. Source

Hindus who left caste for Christ: Baba Padmanji: An Autobiography (Baba Padmanji) and At the Master’s Feet (Sadhu Sundar Singh)

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Questions about Christian charity

Why did Christianity spread so fast in the Roman Empire?
Julian the Apostate, AD 362 (probably summer, on the way to Antioch): “Why, then, do we think that this is enough, why do we not observe that it is their benevolence to strangers, their care for the graves of the dead and the pretended holiness of their lives that have done most to increase atheism?”
What did Lucian of Samosata say about Christians?
Lucian of Samosata, written soon after AD 165, of events some years earlier: “Orphans and ancient widows might be seen hanging about the prison from break of day.”
What did Benjamin Franklin say about George Whitefield?
Benjamin Franklin, written 1788, of events in 1739–40: “I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me.”
Were missionaries’ famine orphanages in India only a way to make converts?
The Bangavasi (Calcutta), 13 April 1901: “Unless and until the Hindus can take care of their own orphans themselves and show that the Missionaries really stand in their way, they have no right to attribute the motive of conversion to the noble and disinterested Missionaries.”
Why were Christian orphanages in China suspected?
Wenxiang (Zongli Yamen), 13 February 1871: “Why need foreigners trouble themselves about this work? for in showing that they have good desire to relieve the poor, they only arouse suspicion and ill-will.”
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T.S. Baker — Christianity’s critics in their own words, sources linked.